Why TANF Exits Succeed or Fail: The Experiences of Inner City TANF Leavers  and Recylers

Steven G. Anderson
School of Social Work
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
1207 W. Oregon
Urbana, IL 61801
(217) 244-5242
FAX: (217) 244-5220
sandersn@uiuc.edu
Purpose:  This paper examines the experiences of inner city families after leaving the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program.  The purpose is to differentiate the characteristics and experiences of those who exit TANF and remain off (leavers) from those who exit but return (recyclers).  The paper also explores the problems and supports associated with successful and unsuccessful exits.
 
Methods:  Interviews were conducted with 232 person who initially left TANF in Chicago in December 1998.  About half (120) had returned to TANF within 12 months and half (112) remained off at least 12 months.  The respondents were randomly selected from the populations of all Chicagoans in these two groups.  Quantitative analysis compared the demographic, educational, and employment characteristics of leavers and recyclers, while qualitative assessments focused upon respondent perspectives on reasons for exit successes or failures.
 
Findings:  Employment-related factors predominated in distinguishing recyclers from leavers.  Recyclers had significantly lower employment levels and wage rates at the time of exit, and were employed less consistently in subsequent months.  They had significantly lower educational levels, larger numbers of young children, and more often left TANF because of sanctions.  Large percentages of both groups reported child care, transportation, and health coverage problems after leaving TANF.  Majorities of both groups reported receiving better health care when on TANF.
 
Implications:  The findings suggest the need for more careful screening of and individualized case planning with TANF recipients prior to exit, and the increased use of educational and training options for those with limited education and job experience.  Study findings also support the importance of strengthening support services for those who leave TANF, particularly by providing non-time-limited health coverage and child care for low-income workers.